半邊蓮
Lobelia chinensis Lour.

別名：細米草、瓜仁草、鐮刀草、鐮刀仔草、鐮歷仔草、拈力仔草、半邊花、半邊荷花、水仙花草、急解索

形態：

多年生蔓性草本。莖細長，直立或匍匐，匍匐莖節上生根，無毛。單葉互生，綠色；長橢圓狀卵圓形至披針形，全緣或疏鋸齒。花單生於葉腋，花梗細長；花萼綠色，長 3-5 mm，先端 5 裂，裂片線狀披針形；花冠淺紫色，長約 8-10 mm，單側開裂，裂片全部偏向一方，先端 5 裂，2 側裂片披針形，較長，中間 3 枚裂片橢圓狀披針形，較短，裂片倒披針形；雄蕊 5，聚藥，花絲下半部分離中部以上連合；雌蕊 1，子房下位，柱頭 2 裂。蒴果倒錐狀，長 4-6 mm。種子細小，橢圓形。

典籍記載之相關效用：

半邊蓮的全草，味甘淡性微寒，有涼血解毒、利尿消腫、清熱解毒之效，主治黃疸、水腫、肝硬化腹水、血吸蟲病晚期腹水、乳蛾、腸癰、痢疾、疔瘡、毒蛇咬傷、跌打等。《台灣藥用植物資源名錄442》

半邊蓮《本草綱目》為半邊蓮的帶根全草，味甘性平，有清熱解毒、利水消腫之效，主治毒蛇咬傷、癰腫疔瘡、扁桃體炎、溫疹、足癬、跌打損傷、濕熱黃疸、闌尾炎、腸炎、腎炎、肝硬化腹水及多種癌症。《中華本草》

近代藥理研究：

抗腫瘤活性 [1-4]：半邊蓮熱水提取物拮抗艾氏腹水癌 (EAT) 和肉瘤180 (S 180) 細胞。半邊蓮的山奈酚-3-O-β-葡萄糖苷具 Bcl-xl 蛋白作用為有效促進凋亡化合物。半邊蓮全草的 isolobetyol 與 lobetyol 對人類肺癌 NCI-H292、MSTO-211H 細胞株有細胞毒殺活性。Lobetyol 啟動 MAPK 通路與 G1/S 細胞週期阻滯和誘導 MKN45 癌細胞株凋亡。血管作用 [5]：半邊蓮的山梗菜鹼 (lobeline) 藉降低內皮素-1誘導血管平滑肌細胞內游離鈣離子濃度的增加，進而抑制內皮素-1誘導血管平滑肌細胞的增殖。抗病毒作用 [6★]：體外細胞及體內 BALB/c 小鼠皮膚實驗都證實半邊蓮甲醇提取可抑制第一型單純疱疹病毒 (HSV-1) 複製。抗氧化作用 [7★]：以細胞實驗證實半邊蓮的 scoparone 能抑制超氧陰離子的生成；lobechine 能抑制彈性蛋白酶的釋放。結腸癌病變改善 [8]：在二甲肼 (dimethylhydrazine, DMH)-誘發大鼠結腸癌病變實驗模式，發現半邊蓮水提取液能改善大鼠結腸異常隱窩病灶 (aberrant crypt foci, ACF) 的數量。抗發炎作用 [9]：半邊蓮提取物經由 NF-κB 途徑，抑制前發炎因子 (TNF-α, IL-b, IL-6) 和 iNOS、COX-2的表達。免疫調節作用 [10]：半邊蓮一種中性α-葡聚糖命名 BP1，能以劑量依賴方式啟動 TLR4，增強 RAW264.7 的細胞增殖、吞噬、一氧化氮生成和細胞因子 (TNF-α、IL-6) 分泌。

化學成分研究：

半邊蓮兩個具α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的吡咯啶生物鹼 radicamine A、B [11]。半邊蓮聚乙炔成分 lobetyolin 和 lobetyolinin [12]。半邊蓮含 apigenin 7-O-rutinoside, luteolin, diosmin, linarin [13]。半邊蓮全草分離出5-羥基-4′-甲氧基黃酮-7-O-蕓香糖苷、正丁基-O-β-D-吡喃果糖苷、5,7-二甲氧基香豆精、cirsium aldehyde、香葉木素 (diosmetin)、5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde 和6-羥基-7-甲氧基香豆精 [14]；檸檬油素 (daucosterol)、芹菜素 (apigenin)、白楊黃酮 (chrysoeriol)、luteolin (loteolin)、橙皮苷 (hesperidin)、luteolin7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、蒙花苷 (linarin)、香葉木苷 (diosmin)、5,7-二甲氧基-8-羥基香豆素、棕櫚酸、正三十二烷酸 (lacceroic acid)、硬脂酸、β-谷甾醇 (β-sitosterol) 、胡蘿蔔苷 [15]；(±)-neolignans, (±)-ethyl3-[(2R,3S)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3- (hydroxylmethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl]propanoate [16]；6,7-二甲氧基香豆素、6-羥基-5,7-二甲氧基香豆素、5-羥基-7-甲氧基香豆素、5-羥基-6,7-二甲氧基香豆素、3′-羥基芫花素、quercetin、luteolin 3′,4′-dimethylether-7-O-β-D- glucoside、異阿魏酸和迷迭香酸乙酯 [17]。地上部分離到 lobechinenoids A-D [18]；lobechidine A-C, N-methyl-2,6-bis(2-hydroxybutyl)-Δ3-piperideine, N-methyl-2-(2- oxobutyl)-6-(2-hydroxybutyl)-Δ3-piperideine, andrachcinidine, N-methyl-2-(2- hydroxypropyl)-6-(2-hydroxybutyl)-Δ3-piperideine, isolobetyol, lobetyol, 7,8- erythro- & 7,8-threo-4,9,9’-trihydroxy-3,3’-dimethoxy-8-O-4’-neolignans, 4-ethyl-2- hydroxysuccinate [19]。

參考文獻：

  1. Santosa, M. H., Herzog, R. and Voelter, W. (1986) Antitumor activity of the hot water extract of Lobelia chinensis, Planta Med., 52 (6): 555
  2. Chen, M. W., Chen, W. R., Zhang, J. M., Long, X. Y. and Wang, Y. T. (2014) Lobelia chinensis: chemical constituents and anticancer activity perspective, Chin. J. Nat. Med., 12 (2): 103-7
  3. Yang, S., Shen, T., Zhao, L., Li, C., Zhang, Y., Lou, H. and Ren, D. (2014) Chemical constituents of Lobelia chinensis, Fitoterapia, 93: 168-74
  4. Shen, J., Lu, X., Du, W., Zhou, J., Qiu, H., Chen, J., Shen, X. and Zhong, M. (2016) Lobetyol activate MAPK pathways associated with G1/S cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MKN45 cells in vitro and in vivo, Biomed. Pharmacother., 81: 120-7
  5. Wang, J. J., Liu, S. M., Chen, R., Li, L., Guo, X. S., Xue, B. and Hu, W. C. (2007) A novel effect of lobeline on vascular smooth muscle cell: inhibition of proliferation induced by endothelin-1, Pharmazie, 62 (8): 620-4
  6. ★Kuo, Y. C., Lee, Y. C., Leu, Y. L., Tsai, W. J. and Chang, S. C. (2008) Efficacy of orally administered Lobelia chinensis extracts on herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in BALB/c mice, Antiviral Res., 80 (2): 206-12
  7. ★Kuo, P. C., Hwang, T. L., Lin, Y. T., Kuo, Y. C. and Leu, Y. L. (2011) Chemical constituents from Lobelia chinensis and their anti-virus and anti-inflammatory bioactivities, Arch. Pharm. Res., 34 (5): 715-22
  8. Han, S. R., Lv, X. Y., Wang, Y. M., Gong, H., Zhang, C., Tong, A. N. and Yan, N. (2013) A study on the effect of aqueous extract of Lobelia chinensis on colon precancerous lesions in rats, Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med., 10 (6): 422-5
  9. Li, K. C., Ho, Y. L., Huang, G. J. and Chang, Y. S. (2015) Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of Lobelia chinensis in vitro and in vivo, Am. J. Chin. Med., 43 (2): 269-87
  10. Li, X. J., Bao, W. R., Leung, C. H., Ma, D. L., Zhang, G., Lu, A. P., Wang, S. C. and Han, Q. B. (2016) Chemical structure and immunomodulating activities of an α-glucan purified from Lobelia chinensis Lour, Molecules, 21 (6): 779
  11. Shibano, M., Tsukamoto, D., Masuda, A., Tanaka, Y. and Kusano, G. (2001) Two new pyrrolidine alkaloids, radicamines A and B, as inhibitors of α-glucosidase from Lobelia chinensis Lour, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 49 (10): 1362-5
  12. Qiao, C. F., He, Z. D., Han, Q. B., Song, J. Z. and Xu, H. X. (2006) Determination of two polyacetylenes in Herba Lobeliae Chinensis by HPLC analysis, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 31 (9): 744-6
  13. Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, R., Guo, F. and Yan, C. (2008) Two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for the analysis of Lobelia chinensis Lour. using an ESI/APCI multimode ion source, J. Sep. Sci., 31 (13): 2388-94
  14. Han, J., Zhang, F., Li, Z., Du, G. and Qin, H. (2009) Chemical constituents of Lobelia chinensis, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 34 (17): 2200-2
  15. Jiang, Y., Shi, R., Liu, B., Wang, Q. and Dai, Y. (2009) Studies on chemical components of Lobelia chinensis, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 34 (3): 294-7
  16. Chen, J. X., Huang, S. H., Wang, L., Han, W. L., Wang, Y., Zhang, D. M. and Ye, W. C. (2010) Two pairs of enantiomeric neolignans from Lobelia chinensis, Nat. Prod. Commun., 5 (10): 1627-30
  17. Chen, J. X., Huang, S. H., Wang, Y., Shao, M. and Ye, W. C. (2010) Studies on the chemical constituents from Lobelia chinensis, Zhong Yao Cai, 33 (11): 1721-4
  18. Yang, S., Li, C., Wang, S., Zhao, L., Hou, Z., Lou, H. and Ren, D. (2013) Chiral separation of two diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers of novel alkaloid-lignan hybrids from Lobelia chinensis and determination of the tentative absolute configuration, J. Chromatogr. A, 1311: 134-9
  19. Yang, S., Shen, T., Zhao, L., Li, C., Zhang, Y., Lou, H. and Ren, D. (2014) Chemical constituents of Lobelia chinensis, Fitoterapia, 93: 168-74
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