野鴉椿
Euscaphis japonica (Thunb.) Kanitz

別名：鳥腱花、夜夜椿、紅梁、雞腎果

形態：

落葉性喬木。奇數羽狀複葉，小葉 3-7 枚，對生。葉厚紙質，長卵形或披針狀長卵形，葉表深綠色，葉背綠色，兩面光滑；先端尾狀漸尖；基部圓鈍，部份略歪斜；細鋸齒緣；側脈羽狀，5-7 對。圓錐花序，頂生。花輻射對稱，淡綠色。花萼裂片 5，卵圓形。花瓣裂片 5，橢圓形或圓形。雄蕊 5；花藥 2 室，縱裂。離心生皮 3；每心皮 3-4 枚胚珠。蓇葖果，紅色，通常 1 或 2 心皮成熟。每心皮種子 1-3 枚，略扁狀圓球形，黑色光亮。

典籍記載之相關效用：

野鴉椿子《四川中藥誌》為野鴉椿的果實或種子，味辛苦性溫，屬溫裡藥，有祛風散寒、行氣止痛、消腫散結之效。主治胃痛、寒疝疼痛、泄瀉、痢疾、脫肛、月經不調、子宮下垂、睪丸腫痛等。野鴉椿根《中國藥植誌》，味苦微辛性平，祛風濕藥，有祛風解表、消熱利濕之效。主治外感頭痛、風濕腰痛、痢疾、泄瀉、跌打損傷等。野鴉椿皮為野鴉椿的莖皮，味辛性溫，有行氣、利濕、祛風、退翳之效。主治小兒疝氣、風濕骨痛、水痘、目生翳障等。野鴉椿葉，味微辛苦性微溫，有祛風止癢之效。主治婦女陰癢。野鴉椿花，味甘性平，有祛風止痛之效。主治頭痛；眩暈等。《中華本草》《台灣藥用植物資源名錄298》

藥理研究：

抑制脂肪生成作用 [1-2]：野鴉椿全葉提取對肝臟 LXRα 選擇性拮抗特性而下調脂肪生成；活性三萜酸成分對甘油三酯的堆積具抑制活性。抗發炎作用 [3]：野鴉椿地上部多酚對脂多醣誘導 BV2 小膠質細胞的 NO 產生有顯著抑制作用。抗肝纖維化作用 [4]：地上部三萜類化合物果樹酸 (坡模醇酸; pomolic acid) 對HSC-T6 大鼠肝臟星狀細胞的增生有顯著的抑制作用。細胞毒性 [5-6★]：從野鴉椿樹枝乙醇提取物分離到六環三萜酸類成分野鴉椿酸 (euscaphic acids) A-F，其中三化合物對 NCI-H460、MCF-7、CEM 不同癌細胞系的細胞毒性顯著。接著又分離到六個新三萜酸類野 (鴉椿酸G-L) 及其它已知化合物，其中野鴉椿酸 G、常春藤皂甙元 (hederagenin)、阿江欖仁酸 (arjunic acid) 對 NCI-H460 細胞、HT-29 細胞和 CEM 細胞表現顯著的細胞毒性；某些三萜酸類也對 LPS 誘導 NO 產生顯現抑制活性。抗菌作用 [7]：野鴉椿提取製備的奈米產物被發現對表皮葡萄球菌和藤黃微球菌具有抑菌作用。抗癌作用 [8-10]：成分果樹酸對乳癌細胞有抗轉移及抗血管新生活性。

化學成分研究：

野鴉椿葉部有 megastigmane, tetraketide, euscaphinin [11-12]。野鴉椿地上部有 P-coumaroyl-D-malic acid-1-methyl ester, 3,7-dihydro-5-octanolide, blumenol A, megastigmane, gallic acid, stenophyllin H1, methyl-5,7-dihydroxyoctanoate, TRANS-phytol, α-tocopherol, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside 以及 friedeline, glut-5-en-ol, pomolic acid, methylrotundate [3-4]。★由枝條分離到 euscaphic acids A-L, hederagenin, arjunic acid [5-6★]。野鴉椿根部有 (12R,13S)-3-methoxy-12,13-cyclo- taraxerene-2,14- diene-1-one-28-oic acid, 3,7-dihydroxy-5- octanolide [13]。

參考文獻：

  1. Kim, K. H., Choi, S. H., Lee, T. S., Oh, W. K., Kim, D. S. and Kim, J. B. (2006) Selective LXRα inhibitory effects observed in plant extracts of MEH184 (Parthenocissua tricuspidata) and MEH185 (Euscaphis japonica), Biochem Biophys Res. Commun., 349 (2): 513-8
  2. Li, Y. C., Tian, K., Sun, L. J., Long, H., Li, L. J. and Wu, Z. Z. (2016) A new hexacyclic triterpene acid from the roots of Euscaphis japonica and its inhibitory activity on triglyceride accumulation, Fitoterapia, 109: 261-5
  3. Lee, M. K., Jeon, H. Y., Lee, K. Y., Kim, S. H., Ma, C. J., Sung, S. H., Lee, H. S., Park, M. J. and Kim, Y. C. (2007) Inhibitory constituents of Euscaphis japonica on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in BV2 microglia, Planta Med., 73 (8): 782-6
  4. Lee, M. K., Lee, K. Y., Jeon, H. Y., Sung, S. H. and Kim, Y. C. (2009) Antifibrotic activity of triterpenoids from the aerial parts of Euscaphis japonica on hepatic stellate cells, J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem., 24 (6): 1276-9
  5. ★Cheng, J. J., Zhang, L. J., Cheng, H. L., Chiou, C. T., Lee, I. J. and Kuo, Y. H. (2010) Cytotoxic hexacyclic triterpene acids from Euscaphis japonica, J. Nat. Prod., 73 (10): 1655-8
  6. ★Zhang, L. J., Cheng, J. J., Liao, C. C., Cheng, H. L., Huang, H. T., Kuo, L. M. and Kuo, Y. H. (2012) Triterpene acids from Euscaphis japonica and assessment of their cytotoxic and anti-NO activities, Planta Med., 78 (14): 1584-90
  7. Hwang, G. B., Heo, K. J., Yun, J. H., Lee, J. E., Lee, H. J., Nho, C. W., Bae, G. N. and Jung, J. H. (2015) Antimicrobial air filters using natural Euscaphis japonica nanoparticles, PLoS One, 10 (5): e0126481
  8. Kim, B., Kim, J. H. and Park, B. (2016) Pomolic acid inhibits invasion of breast cancer cells through the suppression of CXC chemokine receptor type 4 expression, J. Cell Biochem., 117 (6): 1296-307
  9. Park, J. H., Cho, Y. Y., Yoon, S. W. and Park, B. (2016) Suppression of MMP-9 and FAK expression by pomolic acid via blocking of NF-kappaB/ERK/mTOR signaling pathways in growth factor-stimulated human breast cancer cells, Int. J. Oncol., 49 (3): 1230-40
  10. Park, J. H., Yoon, J. and Park, B. (2016) Pomolic acid suppresses HIF1α/VEGF-mediated angiogenesis by targeting p38-MAPK and mTOR signaling cascades, Phytomedicine, 23 (14): 1716-1726
  11. Takeda, Y., Okada, Y., Masuda, T., Hirata, E., Shinzato, T., Takushi, A., Yu, Q. and Otsuka, H. (2000) New megastigmane and tetraketide from the leaves of Euscaphis japonica, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 48 (5): 752-4; 
  12. Maeda, H., Matsuo, Y., Tanaka, T. and Kouno, I. (2009) Title: Euscaphinin, a new ellagitannin dimer from Euscaphis japonica, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 57 (4): 421-3
  13. Li, Y. C., Tian, K., Sun, L. J., Long, H., Li, L. J. and Wu, Z. Z. (2016) A new hexacyclic triterpene acid from the roots of Euscaphis japonica and its inhibitory activity on triglyceride accumulation, Fitoterapia, 109: 261-5
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