天胡荽
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.

別名：圓葉石胡荽、遍地錦、變地錦、石胡荽、鵝不食草、細葉錢鑿口、破銅錢、小葉銅錢草、地光錢草、龍燈碗、圓地炮、滿天星

形態：

多年生匍匐性草本，，全株光滑，分枝多，節生不定根。單葉，互生，托葉膜質，淡褐色，半透明狀，闊三角形，葉紙質，近圓形或圓腎形，長約 0.8-2 cm，寬約 0.6-1.5 cm，兩面深綠光滑；先端圓形；基部心形；葉緣 3-5 中裂再鋸齒緣；葉脈放射狀羽狀脈。繖形花序，與葉對生，總梗綠色，絲狀，苞片綠白色，卵狀披針形，花梗長約 0.2 mm，花乳白色，輻射對稱花，花徑約 1.3 mm。花萼萼片 5 枚，綠白色，卵狀三角形，長約 0.4 mm，寬約 0.2 mm。雄蕊 5 枚，著生頂端與萼片互生；花絲白色透明，絲狀，長約 0.2 mm；花藥淺褐色，丁字著生，2 室縱裂；子房綠色，扁球形，高約 0.8 mm，徑約 0.9 mm，厚約 0.2 mm，子房下位，1 室；花柱 2 枚，圓柱形，長約 0.3 mm，著生花盤上；胚珠扁狀橢圓球形，每室 1 枚，基生胎座。果梗長約 0.3 mm。分果，綠色，扁球形，高約 1 mm，徑約 1.2 mm，厚約 0.3 mm，花柱宿存。

典籍記載之相關效用：

天胡荽的全草，味辛苦性寒，有清熱解毒、利尿消腫之效，主治小兒胎熱、喉痛、目翳、黃疸、赤白痢、疔瘡、跌打瘀腫等。《台灣藥用植物資源名錄350》

天胡荽《千金·食治》為天胡荽和破銅錢的全草，味辛微苦性涼，有清熱利濕、祛毒消腫之效，主治黃疸、痢疾、水腫、淋症、目翳、喉腫、癰腫瘡毒、帶狀疱疹、跌打損傷等。《中華本草》

藥理研究：

免疫調節與抑癌作用 [1]：天胡荽乙醇提取物可促進小鼠的胸腺和脾臟指數和體液免疫活性，增強對腫瘤生長的抑制作用。癌細胞毒性 [2★]：天胡荽分離的 hydrocosisaponins D-F 與 hydrocotyloside 對 KB、Daoy 和 WiDr 人類腫瘤細胞株的具殺傷毒性。保肝作用 [3, 4]：天胡荽的染料木黃酮 (genistein) 通過下調 NFκB 而顯著降低血漿酒精濃度、抑制丙氨酸和天冬氨酸轉氨酶的活性和降低 IL-6、TNF-α 等炎性介質；還有，抑制膠原沉積和減少肝纖維化標誌物如總透明質酸、層粘連蛋白和 III 型膠原。染料木黃酮發揮預防作用改善大鼠慢性酒精攝入的肝損傷甚至肝纖維化。它對 LPS/D-半乳糖胺誘導的肝損傷也有保護作用。抗乙型肝炎病毒作用 [5]：天胡荽的積雪草甙 (asiaticoside)以劑量依賴方式有效地抑制 HBsAg/HBeAg、胞外的乙型肝炎病毒 DNA 和細胞內 cccDNA 水準。此外，積雪草苷通過抑制核心基因啟動子活性顯著減少病毒 DNA 轉錄和複製。認知功能障礙改善 [6, 7]：天胡荽的積雪草甙在衰老加速小鼠 (SAMP) 和羥基積雪草甙 (madecassoside) 在D-半乳糖誘導認知功能損傷小鼠上，都發現它們能夠降低氧化性損傷、改善突觸可塑性和恢復膽鹼能功能。抗登革病毒 [8]：體外實驗發現天胡荽提取對登革病毒複製的抑制作用取決於治療時間、宿主細胞系和溶劑種類。

化學成分研究：

天胡荽全草含黃酮苷、酚類、氨基酸、揮發油、香豆素等化合物。由天胡荽分離到左旋芝麻脂素 (l-sesamin) [9]；hydrocotylosides I-VII, udosaponin B [10]；★分離到hydrocosisaponins A-F, hydrocotyloside [2]。天胡荽含有綠原酸甲酯 (chlorogenic acid methyl ester)、正丁基-O-β-D-吡喃果糖苷、當歸棱子芹醇葡萄糖苷 [(-)-angelicoid-enol 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside], quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactoside, quercetin, 3’-O-methylquercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, 5-hydroxymaltol, oleanolic acid, β-sitisterol, stigmasterol [11]。天胡荽含有活性成分染料木黃酮 (genistein) [12]、積雪草甙 (asiaticoside) [13] 及 catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid [14]。

參考文獻：

  1. Yu, F., Yu, F., McGuire, P. M., Li, R. and Wang, R. (2007) Effects of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides extract on transplanted tumors and immune function in mice, Phytomedicine, 14 (2-3): 166-71
  2. ★Huang, H. C., Liaw, C. C., Zhang, L. J., Ho, H. U., Kuo, L. M., Shen, Y. C. and Kuo, Y. H. (2008) Triterpenoidal saponins from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, Phytochemistry, 69 (7): 1597-603
  3. Huang, Q., Huang, R., Zhang, S., Lin, J., Wei, L., He, M., Zhuo, L. and Lin, X. (2013) Protective effect of genistein isolated from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides on hepatic injury and fibrosis induced by chronic alcohol in rats, Toxicol. Lett., 217 (2): 102-10
  4. Lin, X., Zhang, S., Huang, R., Wei, L., Liang, C., Chen, Y., Lv, S., Liang, S., Wu, X. and Huang, Q. (2014) Protective effect of genistein on lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced hepatic failure in mice, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 37 (4): 625-32
  5. Huang, Q., Zhang, S., Huang, R., Wei, L., Chen, Y., Lv, S., Liang, C., Tan, S., Liang, S., Zhuo, L. and Lin, X. (2013) Isolation and identification of an anti-hepatitis B virus compound from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam, J. Ethnopharmacol., 150 (2): 568-75
  6. Lin, X., Huang, R., Zhang, S., Wei, L., Zhuo, L., Wu, X., Tang, A. and Huang, Q. (2013) Beneficial effects of asiaticoside on cognitive deficits in senescence-accelerated mice, Fitoterapia, 87: 69-77
  7. Lin, X., Zhang, S., Huang, R., Wei, L., Tan, S., Liang, C., Lv, S., Chen, Y., Liang, S., Tian, Y., Lu, Z. and Huang, Q. (2014) Protective effect of madecassoside against cognitive impairment induced by D-galactose in mice, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 124: 434-42
  8. Husin, F., Chan, Y. Y., Gan, S. H., Sulaiman, S. A. and Shueb, R. H. (2015) The effect of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extracts on in vitro Dengue replication, Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med., 2015: 596109
  9. Ina, H., Asai, A., Iida, H. and Ushida, T. (1987) Chemical Investigation of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, Planta Med., 53 (2): 228
  10. Matsushita, A., Sasaki, Y., Warashina, T., Miyase, T., Noguchi, H. and Vander Velde, D. (2004) Hydrocotylosides I-VII, new oleanane saponins from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, J. Nat. Prod., 67 (3): 384-8
  11. 蒲首丞、郭遠強、高文遠 (2010) 天胡荽化學成分的研究，中草藥，41 (9): 1440-2
  12. Huang, Q., Huang, R., Zhang, S., Lin, J., Wei, L., He, M., Zhuo, L. and Lin, X. (2013) Protective effect of genistein isolated from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides on hepatic injury and fibrosis induced by chronic alcohol in rats, Toxicol. Lett., 217 (2): 102-10
  13. Huang, Q., Zhang, S., Huang, R., Wei, L., Chen, Y., Lv, S., Liang, C., Tan, S., Liang, S., Zhuo, L. and Lin, X. (2013) Isolation and identification of an anti-hepatitis B virus compound from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam, J. Ethnopharmacol., 150 (2): 568-75
  14. Kumari, S., Elancheran, R., Kotoky, J. and Devi, R. (2016) Rapid screening and identification of phenolic antioxidants in Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, Food Chem., 203: 521-9
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