爵床
Justicia procumbens L.

別名：鼠尾紅、刺尾癀、鼠筋紅、麥穗紅、風尾紅、香蘇、筆尾紅、Ryakata'ppu、Zyakata'ppu

形態：

直立草本，莖六角柱形，全株被毛。單葉對生，葉柄溝狀，葉紙質，橢圓形、長卵形或闊橢圓形，長 2-2.5 cm，寬 1.2-1.5 cm；先端銳尖；基部鈍；葉全緣，被緣毛。頂生穗狀花序，圓柱狀，總梗6稜，無花梗，苞片，基部略合生，花萼4，基部略合生，長線形，中央綠色，兩側透明，長 3-4.5 mm，寬約 0.5 mm，被緣毛，中央被毛，唇形花，淡紫色，花瓣基部合生，合生部長約 2.9 mm；先端二唇裂，遠軸面近紫紅色，近合生處先端有花紋，長約 8 mm，寬約 2.2 mm，先端 3 淺裂，中央三角形，兩側較圓，中肋被毛，較先端處亦被長毛；近軸面唇瓣白，橢圓形，先端平截，2 裂，長約 2.4 mm，寬約 1 mm，中央具 1 肋突出。雄蕊 2；花絲白色，長約 4 mm，纖細；花藥基著，2 室，上下排裂，下方蘗室有距，縱裂。子房橢圓球形，綠色，被毛，基部有 2 腺體，子房上位；花柱白色，長約 3.5 mm，先端略彎曲，基部疏被毛；柱頭點狀；中軸胎座，2 室，每室胚珠 2。果橢圓球形，先端疏被毛，花柱、苞片及萼片宿存。種子 4 枚。

典籍記載之相關效用：

爵床全草，味鹹辛性寒，有小毒。效用：清熱解毒、利濕消滯、活血止痛。治感冒發熱、痢疾、黃疸、跌打等。《台灣藥用植物資源名錄420》

爵床《神農本草經》為爵床的全草，味苦鹹辛性寒，有清熱解毒、利濕消積、活血止痛之效。主治感冒發熱、咳嗽、咽喉腫痛、目赤腫痛、疳積、濕熱瀉痢、瘧疾、黃疸、浮腫、小便淋濁、筋肌疼痛、跌打損傷、癰疽疔瘡、濕疹等。《中華本草》

藥理研究：

抗癌作用 [1-10]：Justicidin A、diphyllin 等爵床成分有細胞毒性、誘導細胞凋亡、抗血管新生、抑制移植癌增生等活性。抗病毒活性 [11]：爵床成分有抗水泡性口炎病毒 (vesicular stomatitis virus; vsv) 活性。抗血小板凝集 [12★-13]：爵床的 neojusticin A、justicidin B、taiwanin E methyl ether 和 taiwanin E 具有顯著的抗血小板活性。抗微生物活性 [14]：爵床的木脂素和三萜類對多種細菌具抗菌活性。回顧綜述 [15]：藥理活性研究表明具有顯著的抗腫瘤、抗病毒、抗血小板聚集等作用；在臨床上應用於小兒厭食癥、女性急性尿路感染、頑固性久瀉等。

化學成分研究：

爵床主要化學成分為木脂素及其苷類。爵床全草分離到 neojusticin [16]；justicidin A、E, diphyllin, neojusticin A、B [1]；justicidinosides A-C, justicidin A-D, diphyllin, diphyllin apioside, diphyllin apioside-5-acetate [17]。★活性導向分離乙醇提取成分，得到 4'-demethylchinensinaphthol methyl ether 和已知neojusticin A、B, justicidin A、B, taiwanin E, taiwanin E methyl ether, chinensinaphthol, chinensinaphthol methyl ether, diphyllin [18★]；又由地上部分離到新二芳基木脂素 justin A-C, (-)-dihydroclusin diacetate, secoisolariciresinol dimethyl ether diacetate, 5-methoxy-4,4'-di-O-methylsecolari ciresinol diacetate 和已知的 2,3-demethoxy secisolintetralin acetate, secoisolari ciresinol dimethyl ether, 5-methoxy-4,4'-di-O- methylsecolariciresinol [19]。爵床全草新分離到procumbenoside A, tuberculatin [20]；6'-hydroxy justicidin A、B、C, isodiphyllin, taiwanin C [21]；rostellulin A, cilinaphthalide A, ursolic acid, euscaphic acid, 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, tormentic acid [22]；neojusticin C, procumbenoside C-D, diphyllin-1-O-b-D-apiofuranoside [23]；justicianene A, procumbenoside H, procumbenosides I-M, cleistanthin B [24]。

參考文獻：

  1. Fukamiya, N. and Lee, K. H. (1986) Antitumor agents, 81. Justicidin-A and diphyllin, two cytotoxic principles from Justicia procumbens, J. Nat. Prod., 49 (2): 348-50
  2. Day, S. H., Lin, Y. C., Tsai, M. L., Tsao, L. T., Ko, H. H., Chung, M. I., Lee, J. C., Wang, J. P., Won, S. J. and Lin, C. N. (2002) Potent cytotoxic lignans from Justicia procumbens and their effects on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in mouse macrophages, J. Nat. Prod., 65 (3): 379-8; 
  3. Lee, J. C., Lee, C. H., Su, C. L., Huang, C. W., Liu, H. S., Lin, C. N. and Won, S. J. (2005) Justicidin A decreases the level of cytosolic Ku70 leading to apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells, Carcinogenesis, 26 (10): 1716-30; 
  4. Su, C. L., Huang, L. L., Huang, L. M., Lee, J. C., Lin, C. N. and Won, S. J. (2006) Caspase-8 acts as a key upstream executor of mitochondria during justicidin A-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells, FEBS Lett., 580 (13): 3185-91; 
  5. He, X. L., Zhang, P., Dong, X. Z., Yang, M. H., Chen, S. L. and Bi, M. G. (2012) JR6, a new compound isolated from Justicia procumbens, induces apoptosis in human bladder cancer EJ cells through caspase-dependent pathway, J. Ethnopharmacol., 144 (2): 284-92; 
  6. Jin, H., Yin, H. L., Liu, S. J., Chen, L., Tian, Y., Li, B., Wang, Q. and Dong, J. X. (2014) Cytotoxic activity of lignans from Justicia procumbens, Fitoterapia, 94: 70-6; 
  7. Luo, J., Kong, W. and Yang, M. (2014) HJC, a new arylnaphthalene lignan isolated from Justicia procumbens, causes apoptosis and caspase activation in K562 leukemia cells, J. Pharmacol. Sci., 125 (4): 355-63; 
  8. Jin, H., Chen, L., Tian, Y., Li, B. and Dong, J. X. (2015) New cyclopeptide alkaloid and lignan glycoside from Justicia procumbens, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 17 (1): 33-9
  9. Wang, Y. W., Chuang, J. J., Chang, T. Y., Won, S. J., Tsai, H. W., Lee, C. T., Cheng, H. L., Tzai, T. S., Liu, H. S. and Chow, N. H. (2015) Antiangiogenesis as the novel mechanism for justicidin A in the anticancer effect on human bladder cancer, Anticancer Drugs, 26 (4): 428-36
  10. Won, S. J., Yen, C. H., Liu, H. S., Wu, S. Y., Lan, S. H., Jiang-Shieh, Y. F., Lin, C. N. and Su, C. L. (2015) Justicidin A-induced autophagy flux enhances apoptosis of human colorectal cancer cells via class III PI3K and Atg5 pathway, J. Cell. Physiol., 230 (4): 930-46
  11. Asano, J., Chiba, K., Tada, M. and Yoshii, T. (1996) Antiviral activity of lignans and their glycosides from Justicia procumbens, Phytochemistry, 42 (3): 713-7
  12. ★Chen, C. C., Hsin, W. C., Ko, F. N., Huang, Y. L., Ou, J. C. and Teng, C. M. (1996) Antiplatelet arylnaphthalide lignans from Justicia procumbens, J. Nat. Prod., 59 (12): 1149-50;  
  13. Weng, J. R., Ko, H. H., Yeh, T. L., Lin, H. C. and Lin, C. N. (2004) Two new arylnaphthalide lignans and antiplatelet constituents from Justicia procumbens, Arch. Pharm., 337 (4): 207-12
  14. Zhang, Y., Bao, F., Hu, J., Liang, S., Zhang, Y., Du, G., Zhang, C. and Cheng, Y. (2007) Antibacterial lignans and triterpenoids from Rostellularia procumbens, Planta Med., 73 (15): 1596-9
  15. 劉國瑞、吳軍、楊美華、張森、陳曉光 (2008) 藥用植物爵床的研究進展，西北藥學雜誌，23 (1): 55-6
  16. Okigawa, M., Maeda, T. and Kawano, N. (1970) The isolation of neojusticin from Justicia procumbens LINN, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 18 (4): 862-3
  17. Asano, J., Chiba, K., Tada, M. and Yoshii, T. (1996) Antiviral activity of lignans and their glycosides from Justicia procumbens, Phytochemistry, 42 (3): 713-7
  18. ★Chen, C. C., Hsin, W. C. and Huang, Y. L. (1998) Six new diarylbutane lignans from Justicia procumbens, J. Nat. Prod., 61 (2): 227-9
  19. Day, S. H., Lin, Y. C., Tsai, M. L., Tsao, L. T., Ko, H. H., Chung, M. I., Lee, J. C., Wang, J. P., Won, S. J. and Lin, C. N. (2002) Potent cytotoxic lignans from Justicia procumbens and their effects on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in mouse macrophages, J. Nat. Prod., 65 (3): 379-81
  20. Yang, M., Wu, J., Cheng, F. and Zhou, Y. (2006) Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data for seven arylnaphthalide lignans from Justicia procumbens, Magn. Reson. Chem., 44 (7): 727-30
  21. Zhang, Y., Bao, F., Hu, J., Liang, S., Zhang, Y., Du, G., Zhang, C. and Cheng, Y. (2007) Antibacterial lignans and triterpenoids from Rostellularia procumbens, Planta Med., 73 (15): 1596-9
  22. Liu, G., Wu, J., Si, J., Wang, J. and Yang, M. (2008) Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data for three new arylnaphthalene lignan from Justicia procumbens¸ Magn. Reson. Chem., 46 (3): 283-6
  23. Jin, H., Chen, L., Tian, Y., Li, B. and Dong, J. X. (2015) New cyclopeptide alkaloid and lignan glycoside from Justicia procumbens, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 17 (1): 33-9
  24. Jin, H., Yang, S. and Dong, J. X. (2017) New lignan glycosides from Justicia procumbens, Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 19 (1): 1-8
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