紅果金粟蘭
Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai

別名：草珊瑚、桃葉珊瑚、九節茶、九節風、腫節風、節骨茶、接骨木、接骨金粟蘭、接骨蓮、竹節茶、竹節草、九節蘭、九節花、滿山香、牛膝頭

形態：

直立灌木，莖綠色，光滑無毛，節處膨大。單葉，對生。托葉線形，綠色，長約 2 mm。葉卵形或橢圓形，薄革質，長 9.4-14.3 cm，寬 3.4-5.8 cm。葉面綠，光滑，葉背粉綠。先端漸尖或長尾漸尖，基部楔形，葉緣粗鋸齒緣，靠近葉基部分全緣。頂生穗狀花序，總梗長約 4 mm，小花無花梗，無花萼與花瓣，雄蕊扁橢圓球形，淺黃綠色，直接著生於子房上，花絲無，花藥黃色，長條形，雄蕊兩邊各 2 條。子房圓盤形，淺黃綠色。無花柱，胚珠 1 枚。果實漿果，熟果紅色，近圓形，徑約 6 mm，無果梗。種子 1 枚，淺黃色，近圓形，徑約 4 mm。

典籍記載之相關效用：

紅果金粟蘭的全草，味苦辛性平，有小毒，有清熱解毒、通經接骨效用，主治感冒、流行性乙型腦炎、肺熱咳嗽、痢疾、腸癰、瘡瘍毒腫、風濕關節痛、跌打損傷等。《台灣藥用植物資源名錄158》

腫節風為草珊瑚的全株或根，味苦辛性平，有祛風除濕、活血散瘀、清熱解毒效用，主治肢體麻木、跌打損傷、骨折、婦女痛經、產後瘀滯腹痛、肺炎、急性闌尾炎、急性胃腸炎、菌痢、膽囊炎、膿腫、口腔炎；風濕痹痛等。《中華本草》

近代藥理研究：

防治血小板減少症 [1]：紅果金粟蘭處理的小鼠，骨髓腔內可見巨核細胞及活躍骨髓增生；對大劑量5-氟尿嘧啶 (5-FU) 所造成的小鼠血小板減少症具有預防和改善作用。保肝作用 [2]：紅果金粟蘭全草的數個倍半萜化合物對D-氨基半乳糖引發大鼠肝上皮幹細胞樣細胞的損傷具拮抗保護作用。抗癌作用 [3-7]：紅果金粟蘭乙酸乙酯提取物能阻滯細胞週期與上調 Bax/Bcl-2的促凋亡作用而抑制 HL-60 人類白血病細胞生長。紅果金粟蘭提取物抑制 CNE1、CNE2 人類鼻咽癌細胞株移植裸鼠的移植瘤生長，與促進腫瘤細胞凋亡相關。紅果金粟蘭的 eleutheroside B對 BGC-823 和 A2780 癌細胞株有強細胞毒活性。紅果金粟蘭的咖啡酸3,4-二羥基苯乙基酯具有強的體外抗癌活性；在動物體內能迅速代謝成抗癌劑咖啡酸和羥基酪醇送達身體器官，有強的體內抗腫瘤活性。紅果金粟蘭的酸性多糖 (SGP-2)，它能誘導 MG-63 人骨肉瘤細胞凋亡，且經由抑制糖基化終產物 (RAGE) 受體與 NF-κB 而抑制癌細胞的轉移。免疫功能改善 [8-9]：紅果金粟蘭提取物可以提高束縛應激小鼠的脾臟淋巴細胞總數、改善T淋巴細胞亞群比例、同時增加脾臟NK細胞和NKT細胞比例及數目。抗氧化作用 [10-12]：動物實驗證實腫節風顆粒製劑對小型豬腮腺的放射損傷所致 ROS 有一定的清除作用。紅果金粟蘭的 SGP-1 多糖具顯著超氧陰離子等自由基清除活性。紅果金粟蘭乙醇萃取可以防止間質幹細胞 (MSCs) 受 OH*-誘導的氧化應激傷害。抗流感作用 [13]：紅果金粟蘭提取物能降低實驗動物對流感易感性和病程嚴重性。抗發炎、鎮痛作用 [14-19★]：紅果金粟蘭異秦皮素 (isofraxidin) 具有顯著的鎮痛和降低二甲苯所致耳腫脹、角叉菜膠致足腫脹、醋酸致扭體和福馬林致痛及抑制脂多糖致血清 TNF-α 增加等抗發炎活性。紅果金粟蘭的異嗪皮啶能通過抑制炎性細胞因子和減輕組織病理學變化而保護小鼠免受脂多糖誘發的炎性傷害。異嗪皮啶經由抑制環氧合酶-2 表達來調節 PGE2 生成而保護脂多糖誘發的肺損傷。紅果金粟蘭成分 chloranthalactone B 通過抑制 AP-1 和 p38 MAPK 通路來抑制細胞炎症介質的生成。紅果金粟蘭的香豆素 3,5-dihydroxy-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-2H-chromen-2-one 下調 iNOS 的表達而抑制脂多糖誘發 RAW264.7巨噬細胞發炎。★從紅果金粟蘭提取正丁醇分部分離成分 methyl isorinate 證實為抗發炎劑，它能抑制 LPS-誘導RAW264.7 細胞的發炎反應 (iNOS 和 COX-2 表達、IL-6 和 TNF-α 釋放、活性氧生成)。抗糖尿病作用 [20]：紅果金粟蘭酸性多糖 SGP-2 在高脂肪飲食 (HFD) 與鏈脲黴素 (STZ) 致糖尿病動物，可降血糖活性、減輕胰島素抵抗、降低餐後血葡萄糖水準和改善脂質代謝、以及減輕氧化應激。

化學成分研究：

紅果金粟蘭有延胡索酸、琥珀酸及異白蠟樹定 (isofraxidin)；又分離到新的倍半萜內酯 (-)-istanbulin A [21]。紅果金粟蘭內含富馬酸 (fumaric acid) [22]、異嗪皮啶 (isofraxidin) [23]、sarcandroside A、B [24]、sarcaglaboside A-E、chloranthalactone E 8-O-b-D-glucopyranoside、chloranoside A [25]、依斯坦布林 (istanbulin) A [26]。紅果金粟蘭水提取物中的黃酮苷類有 kaempferol-3-O-b-D-glucuronide、quercetin-3- O-α-D-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-b-D-glucuronopyranoside methyl ester, 5,7,4'- trihydroxy-8-C-b-D-glucopyranosyl flavanone, neoastilbin 及其他 5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, isofraxidin [27]。全草分離到 4,4'-biisofraxidin, esculetin, fraxetin, scoparone, isofraxidin, scopoletin [28]；5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-6-C-b-D-glucopyranosyl flavanone, kaempferol-3-O-b-D- glucuronide, fraxidin, isofraxidin, isofraxidin-7-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol, pinostrobin [29]；8b,9α-dihydroxyeudesman-4(15),7(11)-dien-8α,12-olide, 8b,9α-di hydroxylindan-4(5),7(11)-dien-8α,12-olide, atractylenolide, chloranthalactone E, (-)-istanbulin A [30]；sarcaglaboside F-H, chloranoside A, sarcaglaboside C, dihydrovomifoliol-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, 9-hydroxy-heterogorgiolide, chlorantha lactone B [31]；sarcandracoumarin, isofraxidin, syringic acid, 1,2-benzenediol, vanillic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, rosmarinic acid, tyrosol, vanilloloside, 4-O-caffeoyl shikimic acid, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, 3-O-caffeoylshikimic acid [32]；sarcandra lactone A-B, sarcandrolides A-E [33]；glabranol A-B [34]；isoscopletin, syringaresinol monoside, styraxjaponoside B, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, shizukanolide E, isoastilbin, neoisoastilbin, astilbin, neoastilbin [35]；4α-hydroxy-5αH-lindan-8(9)-en-8,12-olide, chloranthalactone E, 8β,9α-dihydroxylindan-(5),7(1)-ieb-8α,12-olide, chloranoside A [36]；benzyl 2-b-glucopyranosyloxybenzoate, eleutheroside B, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, (-)-(7S,8R)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, (-)-(7S,8R)-dihydrodehydrodico niferyl alcohol, 4-O-α-D-glucopyranoside, (-)-(7S,8R)-5-methoxydihydrodehydrodico niferyl alcohol 4-O-b-D-glucopyranoside [37]；atractylenolide IV, chloranthalactone E, 8b,9α-dihydroxylindan-4(5),7(11)-dien-8α,12-olide, shizukanolide E、F, dihydro vomifoliol, drovomifoliol-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, sarcaglaboside D [38]；3,5-di hydroxy-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyrano syl-2H-chromen-2-one [39]。紅果金粟蘭的種子分離到 sarglaperoxides A、B [40]。★紅果金粟蘭提取正丁醇分部分離鑑定出 rosmarinic acid, methyl isorinate, methyl rosmarinate, (2R)-methyl-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2- hydroxypropanoate, isorinic acid, butyl rosmarinate, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, 5-O-caffeoyl shikimic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, methyl caffeate, (2R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropionic acid, (2R)-methyl-3-(4-hydroxylphenyl) -2-hydroxypropanoate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate 等 14 種成分 [19★]。

參考文獻：

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  40. Wang, P., Li, R. J., Liu, R. H., Jian, K. L., Yang, M. H., Yang, L., Kong, L. Y. and Luo, J. (2016) Sarglaperoxides A and B, sesquiterpene-normonoterpene conjugates with a peroxide bridge from the Seeds of Sarcandra glabra, Org. Lett., 18 (4): 832-5

討論話題：

  • 紅果金粟蘭 (草珊瑚) 的別名不少，常用的有九節茶、接骨木等。“九節茶”乃因葉子像茶葉，莖節像竹節。“接骨木”應該源於在醫藥學上的功能，可治跌打損傷、骨折。五福花科接骨木屬的植物大多稱“接骨木”，實在太混淆了，別名還是少用的好！
  • 為何叫“草珊瑚”？或許跟它的成熟亮紅色果實有關吧！
  • 金粟蘭科植物的主要特徵：花無花瓣！黃色部分為雄蕊，長在子房旁邊。
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