台灣柘(ㄓㄜˋ)樹
Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner

別名：構棘、黃金桂、凹頭葨芝、葨芝、柘樹、刺果樹、刺格、刺格仔、大丁黃、香港柘樹、牛角牯刺、黃檀

形態：

攀緣灌木，下垂，莖有縱細裂，皮孔縱向，淺灰色，刺腋生於老枝，長 2-5 mm，新枝密披白色短柔毛，老枝光滑。葉序單葉，互生，或叢生；托葉小，二個，長披真形，密披暗褐色毛；葉柄圓形，長 7-13 mm，有白色細柔毛，綠色，內側有明顯凹槽；葉長倒卵形，長橢圓形，上表面深綠油亮，下表面淺綠，皆光滑，先端圓，鈍，凹頭，有芒尖，基部楔形，葉緣全緣，葉脈中肋下凹於上表面，凸出於下表面，側脈 8 對，閉鎖，近光滑。花腋生，花序頭狀；花梗圓形，綠色，長 9 mm，寬 1 mm，披白色短柔毛；花萼雌花被 4 片，倒三角錐形，長 1 mm，淡黃色；花瓣雌花被 4 片，倒三角錐形，長 1 mm，淡黃色；雌蕊子房長橢圓形，長 1.5 mm，寬 0.7 mm，色白，花柱歪斜，旋捲，長 1.5 mm，纖細。果實，頭狀聚合果。

典籍記載之相關效用：

黃金桂的全株，有清熱利濕之效，主治急慢性肝炎、肺結核、肺膿腫、風濕關節痛、跌打損傷等；根，味微苦性涼，有祛風利濕、活血通經之效，主治風濕關節痛、勞傷咳血、跌打損傷；棘刺，味苦性溫，治血瘕、痰痞；果實，味微甘性溫，治疝氣。《台灣藥用植物資源名錄165》

穿破石《嶺南采藥錄》為構棘或柘樹的根，味淡微苦性涼，有祛風通絡、清熱除濕、解毒消腫之效，主治風濕痹痛、跌打損傷、黃疽、腮腺炎、肺結核、胃和十二指腸潰瘍、淋濁、蠱脹、閉經、勞傷咳血、療瘡癰腫等。奴柘刺為構棘的棘刺，味苦性微溫，有化瘀消積之效，主治腹中積聚、痞塊。《中華本草》

藥理研究：

抗脂質過氧化 [1]：小鼠餵食構棘根部乙醇提取可抑制 FeCl2-抗壞血酸-ADP-刺激的脂質過氧化反應。根皮分離呫噸酮類對大鼠肝勻漿的抗脂質過氧化多具有拮抗活性；gerontoxanthone C和I比維生素E更具活性。Na+/H+交換蛋白抑制劑 [2]：構棘根的 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-9-one、euchrenone b10 和erythrinin B 抑制動脈平滑肌細胞的鈉氫離子交換蛋白活性。促進傷口癒合 [3]：構棘葉多酚提取物藉刺激成纖維細胞增殖和保護細胞免受炎症介質破壞而促進傷口癒合。保肝作用 [4]：構棘根部乙醇提取的正丁醇和乙酸乙酯分部對 CCl4 誘導的肝損傷具有最大的肝保護作用；氯仿分部對 D-GalN-誘導肝毒性的保護最有效，與公認的肝保護藥物水飛薊素相當。抗發炎作用 [5-6★]：在巨噬細胞實驗證明，構棘根的 1,3,7-trihydroxy- 2-prenylxanthone 藉著阻礙 IRAK-1 的轉譯後修飾，進而干擾 TAK1 所調控的IKK 及 MAPKs 活化，最後抑制脂多糖誘導的 iNOS 表達。又發現構棘根的 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-prenylxanthone、1,3,7-trihydroxy-4-prenyl xanthone、3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxy dihydroflavonol、kaempferol 也會抑制脂多糖誘導巨噬細胞的一氧化氮釋放。抗單純疱疹病毒作用 [7]：構棘提取物及桑色素 (morin) 具抗II型單純疱疹病毒活性。抗菌作用 [8-10]：構棘根部的 cudraxanthone S, toxyl oxanthone C, gerontoxanthone H, gerontoxanthone I 和 1,3,7-trihydroxy- 2-prenyl xanthone 具抗菌活性。Gerontoxanthone H 對五株萬古黴素耐藥腸球菌有強抗菌活性。抗癌作用 [11]：構棘根部的異葎草酮 (isoalvaxanthone) 被證實能通過降低 Rac1 和 AP-1 活性而抑制結腸癌細胞增殖、遷移和侵襲。抗阿茲海默氏症作用 [12★]：以細胞實驗檢測構棘改善澱粉樣蛋白 (Ab) 誘導小膠質 BV2 細胞株活化和促進與膠質細胞的澱粉樣蛋白清除潛力。結果證實構棘的水酒萃取和從中純化分離的 1,3,7-trihydroxy-4-prenylxanthone 能抑制 IFN-γ 加 fAβ-誘導 BV2 細胞的 iNOS 表達與 NO 產生；它們也會有效地降低 Ab 在細胞培養液的沉積。表明在抗阿茲海默氏症作用上的應用潛力。視黃酸受體拮抗作用 [13]：構棘根部呫噸酮化合物的 gerontoxanthone A、B 和 cudraxanthone 具濃度依賴的視黃酸受體α拮抗活性，對受體活化劑 bexarotene 作用的轉錄活性具協同作用。

化學成分研究：

構棘根皮含 xanthones 有 cudraxanthone I, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut- 2-enyl)-xanthone, lancerin, gerontoxanthone C、I [14]；isocudraniaxanthone A、B, isoalvaxanthone, erythrinin B, euchrenone b10, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-(3-methylbut- 2-enyl)xanthen-9-one [15]；二苯甲酮類 cudraphenone A-D, cudraxanthone P-R [16]；cudraxanthone S, cudraflavanone B, toxyloxanthone C, wighteone, gerontoxanthone H, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2-prenylxanthone, alvaxanthone [17-19]；黃酮類化合物 cochinchinol A、B, (2R,3R)-4’,7-dihydroxy-2’,5-dimethoxydihydroflavonol, 4’,7-di hydroxy-2’,5-dimethoxyflavonol, 4’,5,7-trihydroxydihydroflavonol, 3’,4’,5,7-tetra hydroxyisoflavone, 4’,5,7-trihydroxydihydroflavonol-7-O-glucoside, 4’,5,7-trihydroxy flavonol-7-O-glucoside, 3’,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol, 2’,4’5,7,-tetrahydroxy dihydroflavonol, 4’,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone, 1,3,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone, 4’,5,7-trihydroxy-flavonol, 4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavonol-3,7-di-O-glucoside [20]；3,5,7,4"- tetrahydroxyflavanone-7-O-(6"-acetyl)-glucoside, 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavanone-7- O-glucoside, 2',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-6-prenyldihydroflavanone, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6- prenylisoflavanone, 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone, stilbene-2,4,3',5'-tetraol [21]；butyrospermol, butyrospermol acetate, (+) syringarenol, 1,3,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy xanthone, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-8-prenylxanthone, 4-hydroxybenzyl ethyl ether, 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenz aldehyde 和 vanillin [22]。構棘的莖含有 (+/-)2,3-cis-dihydromorin、多酚化合物 dihydrokaempferol 7-O-b-d-qlucopyranoside, skimmin, quercetin-7-O-b-d-glucoside, 2,3-dihydroquercetin 7-O-b-d-glucoside, kaempferol-7-O-b-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3,7-di-O-b-d-glucoside, morin-7-O-b- d-glucoside, 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy xanthen-9-one, 2,3-trans-dihydromorin, aromadendrin, oxyresveratrol, genistin, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol 3,7-di-O-b- glucopyranoside, naringenin [23]。

參考文獻：

  1. Chang, C. H., Lin, C. C., Hattori, M. and Namba, T. (1994) Effects on anti-lipid peroxidation of Cudrania cochinchinensis var. gerontogea, J. Ethnopharmacol., 44 (2): 79-85
  2. Kobayashi, M., Mahmud, T., Yoshioka, N., Shibuya, H. and Kitagawa, I. (1997) Indonesian medicinal plants. XXI. Inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchanger from the bark of Erythrina variegata and the roots of Maclura cochinchinensis, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 45 (10): 1615-9
  3. van Hien, T. and Cherry, G. W. (1997) In vitro studies on the antioxidant and growth stimulatory activities of a polyphenolic extract from Cudrania cochinchinensis used in the treatment of wounds in Vietnam, Wound Repair Regen., 5 (2): 159-67
  4. Lin, C. C., Lee, H. Y., Chang, C. H. and Yang, J. J. (1999) The anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of fractions from Cudrania cochinchinensis var. gerontogea, Am. J. Chin. Med., 27 (2): 227-39
  5. ★Chiou, W. F., Chen, C. C., Lin, I. H., Chiu, J. H. and Chen, Y. J. (2011) 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-prenylxanthone represses lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS expression via impeding posttranslational modification of IRAK-1, Biochem. Pharmacol., 81 (6): 752-60
  6. ★Lin, C. F., Chen, Y. J., Huang, Y. L., Chiou, W. F., Chiu, J. H. and Chen, C. C. (2012) A new auronol from Cudrania cochinchinensis, J. Asian. Nat. Prod. Res., 14 (7): 704-7
  7. Bunyapraphatsara, N., Dechsree, S., Yoosook, C., Herunsalee, A. and Panpisutchai, Y. (2000) Anti-herpes simplex virus component isolated from Maclura cochinchinensis, Phytomedicine, 6 (6): 421-4
  8. Fukai, T., Yonekawa, M., Hou, A. J., Nomura, T., Sun, H. D. and Uno, J. (2003) Antifungal agents from the roots of Cudrania cochinchinensis against Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus species, J. Nat. Prod., 66 (8): 1118-20
  9. Fukai, T., Oku, Y., Hou, A. J., Yonekawa, M. and Terada, S. (2004) Antimicrobial activity of hydrophobic xanthones from Cudrania cochinchinensis against Bacillus subtilis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Chem. Biodivers, 1 (9): 1385-90
  10. Fukai, T., Oku, Y., Hou, A. J., Yonekawa, M. and Terada, S. (2005) Antimicrobial activity of isoprenoid-substituted xanthones from Cudrania cochinchinensis against vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Phytomedicine, 12 (6-7): 510-3
  11. Wang, L., Kuang, L., Pan, X., Liu, J., Wang, Q., Du, B., Li, D., Luo, J., Liu, M., Hou, A. and Qian, M. (2010) Isoalvaxanthone inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion through inactivating Rac1 and AP-1, Int. J. Cancer, 127 (5): 1220-9
  12. ★Wang, C. J., Chen, C. C., Tsay, H. J., Chiang, F. Y., Wu, M. F. and Shiao, Y. J. (2013) Cudrania cochinchinensis attenuates amyloid b protein-mediated microglial activation and promotes glia-related clearance of amyloid b protein, J. Biomed. Sci., 20: 55
  13. Nakashima, K., Tanaka, T., Murata, H., Kaburagi, K. and Inoue, M. (2015) Xanthones from the roots of Maclura cochinchinensis var. gerontogea and their retinoic acid receptor-alpha agonistic activity, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 25 (9): 1998-2001
  1. Chang, C. H., Lin, C. C., Hattori, M. and Namba, T. (1994) Effects on anti-lipid peroxidation of Cudrania cochinchinensis var. gerontogea, J. Ethnopharmacol., 44 (2): 79-85
  2. M. Kobayashi, T. Mahmud, N. Yoshioka, H. Shibuya and I. Kitagawa (1997) Indonesian medicinal plants. XXI. Inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchanger from the bark of Erythrina variegata and the roots of Maclura cochinchinensis, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 45 (10): 1615-9
  3. Hou, A., Fukai, T., Shimazaki, M., Sakagami, H., Sun, H. and Nomura, T. (2001) Benzophenones and xanthones with isoprenoid groups from Cudrania cochinchinensis, J. Nat. Prod., 64 (1): 65-70
  4. Fukai, T., Yonekawa, M., Hou, A. J., Nomura, T., Sun, H. D. and Uno, J. (2003) Antifungal agents from the roots of Cudrania cochinchinensis against Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus species, J. Nat. Prod., 66 (8): 1118-20
  5. Fukai, T., Oku, Y., Hou, A. J., Yonekawa, M. and Terada, S. (2004) Antimicrobial activity of hydrophobic xanthones from Cudrania cochinchinensis against Bacillus subtilis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Chem. Biodivers, 1 (9): 1385-90
  6. Fukai, T., Oku, Y., Hou, A. J., Yonekawa, M. and Terada, S. (2005) Antimicrobial activity of isoprenoid-substituted xanthones from Cudrania cochinchinensis against vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Phytomedicine, 12 (6-7): 510-3
  7. Zhang, P., Feng, Z. and Wang, Y. (2005) Flavonoids, including an unusual flavonoid-Mg2+ salt, from roots of Cudrania cochinchinensis, Phytochemistry, 66 (23): 2759-65
  8. Wang, Y. H., Feng, Z. M., Jiang, J. S. and Zhang, P. C. (2007) Studies on chemical constituents from roots of Cudrania cochinchinensis, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 32 (5): 406-9
  9. Zhou, Q., Chen, L., Chen, Q. W., Chen, H. W. and Dong, J. X. (2013) Chemical constituents of Cudrania cochinchinensis, Zhong Yao Cai, 36 (9): 1444-7
  10. Zheng, Z. P., Zhu, Q., Fan, C. L., Tan, H. Y. and Wang, M. (2011) Phenolic tyrosinase inhibitors from the stems of Cudrania cochinchinensis, Food Funct., 2 (5): 259-64

討論話題：

  • 柘(ㄓㄜˋ) (Maclura tricuspidata) 與台灣柘樹 (Maclura cochinchinensis) 均稱為“柘樹”，兩者為不同品種，別混淆了！還有，該屬屬名已由 Cudrania 改為 Maclura。
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