白英
Solanum lyratum Thunb.

別名：白毛藤、柳仔黃、鈕仔黃、鬼目草

形態：

草本蔓性藤本，全株密被長柔毛。單葉互生，葉柄長約 1-3 cm，被長柔毛。琴形，基部常 3-5 深裂，裂片全緣，兩面均被白色長柔毛。複聚傘花序與葉互生，花疏花，總花梗長約 2-2.5 cm，被長柔毛，花梗長 0.8-1.5 cm，光滑，基部具關節；萼環狀，直徑約 3 mm，光滑，萼齒 5，圓形；花冠淡紫色或稍白色，直徑約 1.1 cm，花冠基部合生，5 深裂，裂片橢圓狀披針形，先端被微柔毛；花絲 5，長約1 mm，聚藥，花藥長約 3 mm，頂孔開裂；子房上位，卵形，光滑，花柱絲狀，長約 6 mm，柱頭小，頭狀。漿果光滑，球狀，成熟時紅色；種子多枚，盤狀，扁平。

典籍記載之相關效用：

白英的地上部，味甘苦性寒，有清熱解毒、祛風利濕、化瘀之效，治濕熱黃疸、風濕關節痛、帶下、水腫、淋症、丹毒、疔瘡、癌瘤；根，味苦辛性平，治風火牙痛、頭痛、瘰癧、癰腫、痣漏；果實，味酸性平，有明目之效，治目赤、牙痛。《台灣藥用植物資源名錄405》

白毛藤《百草鏡》為白英的全草，味甘苦性寒，小毒，有清熱利濕、解毒消腫之效，主治濕熱黃疸、膽囊炎、膽石症、腎炎水腫、風濕關節痛、婦女濕熱帶下、小兒高熱驚搐、癰腫瘰癧、濕疹瘙癢、帶狀皰疹等。白毛藤根《福建民間草藥》為白英的根，味苦辛性平，有清熱解毒、消腫止痛之效，主治風炎牙痛、頭痛、瘰癧、痔漏。鬼目《名醫別錄》為白英的果實，味酸性平，有明目、止痛之效，主治眼花目赤、迎風流淚、翳障、牙痛。《中華本草》

藥理研究：

抗過敏作用 [1, 2]：英水提取物會減少過敏大鼠血清組織胺的量與皮膚過敏反應，以及抑制刺激肥大細胞株的 L-組氨酸脫羧酶 mRNA 表達。保肝抗氧化作用 [3]：白英地上部的 scopoletin 對初代培養鼠肝細胞受四氯化碳刺激傷害的酵素分泌有抑制作用，以及促進細胞超氧化物歧化酶活性與抑制丙二醛的生成。抗癌作用 [4-17]：白英提取及活性成分有細胞毒性、誘導細胞凋亡、抗血管新生、抑制移植癌增生等活性。抗氧化作用 [18]：白英粗提取物經由抗氧化作用保護氧化低密度脂蛋白引發人類臍帶內皮細胞的損傷。免疫調節作用 [19-21]：白英粗提取物會抑制T細胞前軀及促進B細胞和巨噬細胞活性；也促進脾淋巴細胞增殖、NK細胞和CTL活性、脾細胞的 IL-2 和 INF-γ 生產，以及血清抗原特異性抗體量等作用。

化學成分研究

白英地上部分離到甾體葡萄糖醛酸甙 SL-a 和 tigogenin 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside [22]；類固醇生物鹼苷白英素 (solalyratine) A、B [23]；具生物活性香豆素類化合物，scopoletin (scopoletin; 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin) [3]；咖啡酸、香草酸、N(p-hydroxy phenethyl)-p-coumaramide、蘆丁[24]。白英全草分離到 diosgenin, diosgenin 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester, diosgenin 3-O-b-D-gluco pyranosiduronic acid, diosgenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnoyranosyl-(1→2)-b-D-glucopyranosid uronic acid, diosgenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-b-D-glucuroniduronic acid methyl ester, 16-dehydropregnenolone, 16-dehydropregnenolone 3-O-α-L-rhamno pyranosyl-(1→2)-b-D-glucopyranosid uronic acid, allopregenolone, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid 和 scopoletin [25, 6]；formononetin, genistein, apigenin, N-trans-feruloyltyramine, N-p-coumaroyltyramine, daidzein, daidzin, lyratol C、D, dehydrovomifoliol, blumenol [26-27]；tigogenin, tigogenone, 4-methyl-cholesta- 7-ene-3b-ol, acacetin 7-O-rutinoside, 1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-7-methylanthra quinone, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-7-methyl-anthracenedione, physcion-8-O-b-D-gluco pyranoside, soya-cerebroside I, isovanillin, docosylferulate [28]；黃酮化合物 lyratin A-C, 4,7,2'trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavan [29]；生物鹼 strychnine, soladulcidine, solamargine, glycoalkaloid A [30]。★實驗證明生長素 2,4-D 誘導白英根愈傷組織的 solanine 生產值提升，及適當生長素 IBA 和 IAA 能刺激培養白英細胞來提升 solanidine、solasodine 的生產值 [31★]。從白英全草分離到 lyratol E、F，對 P-388、HT29 顯示細胞毒性 [32]；分離到 solalyratin A、B, puerariafuran, coumestrol, 9-hydroxy-2',2'-dimethylpyrano [5',6':2,3]-coumestan [33]；分離到 solajiangxin A-C, H、I, 7-hydroxylsolajiangxin I, lyratol G, 1b-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro- α-santonin 都對 P-388, HONE-1, HT-29 具細胞毒性 [34-35]；分離到倍半萜類化合物 1b-hydroxy- 1,2-dihydro-α-santonin, boscialin, blumenol A、C, 3b-hydroxy-5α,6α-epoxy-7- megastigmen-9-one, dehydrovomifoliol, (1’S,2R,5S,10R)-2-(1’,2’-dihydroxy-1’-methyl ethyl)-6,10-dimethylspiro[4,5]dec-6-en-8-one, (1’R,2R,5S,10R)-2-(1’,2’-dihydroxy-1’- methylethyl)-6,10-dimethylspiro[4,5]dec-6-en-8-one, 2-(1’,2’-dihydroxy-1’-methyl ethyl)-6,10-dimethyl-9-hydroxyspiro[4,5]dec-6-en-8-one, grasshopper ketone [36]。

參考文獻：

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