印度茄
Solanum violaceum Ortega

別名：刺天茄、紐仔茄、鈕子茄、紫花茄、五宅茄、南天茄、刺柑仔、山吊菜、山茄仔、鬼茄仔、細顛茄、細黃茄

形態：

多年生小灌木；莖多分枝，全株具刺，被星狀毛。單葉，互生，無托葉，柄具刺；葉片卵形至卵狀長橢圓形，兩面密生星狀毛，邊緣淺裂，葉基鈍形，主脈有刺。兩性花，總狀花序，節間著生；花萼鐘形，先端 5 裂，裂片長三角形，密生星狀毛；花瓣藍紫色或白色，合生先端 5 裂，裂片闊三角形，外側密被星狀毛；雄蕊 5 枚，離生，與花瓣片互生，花絲短，花藥長橢圓形，黃色，頂端孔裂；雌蕊子房上位，卵球形心，單一花柱，柱頭點狀，胚珠多數。漿果圓形，熟時黃或橘紅色，花萼宿存。

典籍記載之相關效用：

印度茄的全株，味微苦性涼，有小毒，有消炎止痛、消腫散瘀之效，治乳娥、咽喉痛、瘰癧、胃痛、牙痛、偏頭痛、腸癰、疝氣、風濕痛、消化不良、腹脹、瘧疾、癰瘡毒腫、跌打損傷；根，味苦性平，有小毒，能清熱除濕、祛瘀消腫，主治風濕痺痛、痧氣腹痛、頭痛、牙痛、咽喉痛、乳娥、疳積、跌打損傷、瘰癧；果實，治傷風咳嗽、牙痛、疝痛。《台灣藥用植物資源名錄407》

金鈕扣為刺天茄的根及全草或果實，味苦性涼，有毒，有清熱、解毒、止痛之效，主治頭疼、鼻淵、牙痛、咽疼、淋巴結炎、胃痛、風濕關節痛、跌打損傷、癰瘡腫毒等。《中華本草》

藥理研究：

抗癌細胞活性 [1-2]：印度茄成分具癌細胞毒性。肝保護活性 [3]：刺天茄果實生物鹼對四氯化碳致肝損傷具拮抗活性。抗高血壓作用 [4]：果實的標準提取對 L-NAME 誘發大鼠高血壓具有拮抗活性。抗生素作用 [5]：葉部乙醇提取對金黃色葡萄球菌、蠟樣芽孢桿菌、大腸埃希氏大腸桿菌有抗菌活性，氯仿提取和丙酮提取對銅綠假單胞菌具抗菌活性。抗發炎作用 [6]：分離成分抑制活化細胞的超氧陰離子生成與彈性蛋白酶釋放。抗B肝病毒作用 [7]：種子乙醇提取及生物鹼 indicumines A-B 具專一性抑制 HepG2.2.15 的 HBsAg 分泌。

化學成分研究：

紐仔茄整株含 β-谷甾醇 (β-sitosterol)、β-谷甾醇葡萄糖甙 (β-sitosterol glucoside)、薯蕷皂甙 (dioscin)、原薯蕷皂甙 (protodioscin)、甲基原薯蕷皂甙 (methylprotodioscin)、薯蕷皂甙甲基原前皂甙元 A (methylprotoprosapogenin A of dioscin) [1]。各部位均含薯蕷皂甙元 (diosgenin)、羊毛甾醇 (lanosterol)、澳洲茄鹼 (solasonine)、澳洲茄胺 (solasodine)、澳洲茄邊鹼 (solamargine)。根、葉、果都含有茄鹼 (solanine)。果實中分得刺天茄甙 A (indioside A)、黄果茄甾醇 (carpesterol)、3β-(p-hyroxy)-benzoyloxy-22α-hydroxy-4α-methyl-5α-stigmast-7-en- 6-one、stigmasterol、b-sitosterol、b-sitosteryl-3-O-b-D-glucoside、trilinolei、naringenin、indioside F、protodioscin [3, 8]。★由地上部分離到 solavetivone、solafuranone、scopoletin、N-(p-trans-coumaroyl)tyramine、N-trans-feruloyltyramine [9★]。全株甲醇提取分離到 indiosides G−K、borassoside D、yamogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamno pyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside、borassoside E、3-O-chacotriosyl-25(S)-spirost- 5-en-3β-ol、sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、7-hydroxysitosterol-3-O-β-D-gluco pyranoside、N-p-coumaroyltyramine、trans-N- feruloyloctopamine and tricalysioside U [6]。地上部甲醇提取分離到 indioside L–O、(22E,24R)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta- 6,22-dien-3b-ol、(22E,24R)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,9(11),22-trien-3b-ol、7-oxo stigmasterol、7-oxositosterol、diosgenin、yamogenin、diosgenone、(25S)-neospirost- 4-en-3-one、syringaresinol、scopoletin [10]。種子脂肪油含月桂酸 (lauric acid)、棕櫚酸 (palmitic acid)、硬脂酸 (stearic acid)、花生酸 (arachidic acid)、油酸 (oleic acid)、亞油酸 (linoleic acid)；香豆素類生物鹼 indicumine A-B 和indicumines C-D、scopoletin、4,4’-biisofraxidin、arteminorin A、cleosandrin；及 indicumin E、7-hydroxy- 6,8-dimethoxy-3-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxy phenyl)-coumarin、isofraxidin、fraxetin [7, 11]。

參考文獻：

  1. Chiang, H. C., Tseng, T. H., Wang, C. J., Chen, C. F. and Kan, W. S. (1991) Experimental antitumor agents from Solanum indicum L., Anticancer Res., 11 (5): 1911-7
  2. Ma, P., Cao, T. T., Gu, G. F., Zhao, X., Du, Y. G. and Zhang, Y. (2006) Inducement effect of synthetic indiosides from Solanum indicum L. on apoptosis of human hepatocarcinoma cell line Bel-7402 and its mechanism, Ai Zheng, 25 (4): 438-42
  3. Gan, K. H., Lin, C. N. and Won, S. J. (1993) Cytotoxic principles and their derivatives of Formosan Solanum plants, J. Nat. Prod., 56 (1): 15-21
  4. Bahgat, A., Abdel-Aziz, H., Raafat, M., Mahdy, A., El-Khatib, A. S., Ismail, A. and Khayyal, M. T. (2008) Solanum indicum ssp. distichum extract is effective against L-NAME-induced hypertension in rats, Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 22 (6): 693-9
  5. Srividya, A. R., Arunkumar, A., Cherian, B., Maheshwari, V., Piramanayagam, S. and Senthoorpandi, V. (2009) Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and anti-microbial studies of Solanum indicum leaves, Anc. Sci. Life, 29 (1): 3-5
  6. Yen, C. T., Lee, C. L., Chang, F. R., Hwang, T. L., Yen, H. F., Chen, C. J., Chen, S. L. and Wu, Y. C. (2012) Indiosides G-K: steroidal glycosides with cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities from Solanum violaceum, J. Nat. Prod., 75 (4): 636-43
  7. Yin, H. L., Li, J. H., Li, J., Li, B., Chen, L., Tian, Y., Liu, S. J., Zhang, T. and Dong, J. X. (2013) Four new coumarinolignoids from seeds of Solanum indicum, Fitoterapia, 84: 360-5
  8. El-Aasr, M., Miyashita, H., Ikeda, T., Lee, J. H., Yoshimitsu, H., Nohara, T. and Murakami, K. (2009) A new spirostanol glycoside from fruits of Solanum indicum L., Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 57 (7): 747-8
  9. ★Syu, W. J., Don, M. J., Lee, G. H. and Sun, C. M. (2001) Cytotoxic and novel compounds from Solanum indicum, J. Nat. Prod., 64 (9): 1232-3
  10. Chang, F. R., Yen, C. T., El-Shazly, M., Yu, C. Y., Yen, M. H., Cheng, Y. B., Chen, S. L. and Wu, Y. C. (2013) Spirostanoids with 1,4-dien-3-one or 3b,7α-diol-5,6-ene moieties from Solanum violaceum, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23 (9): 2738-42
  11. Yin, H. L., Li, J. H., Li, B., Chen, L., Li, J., Tian, Y., Liu, S. J., Zhao, Y. K., Xiao, Y. H. and Dong, J. X. (2014) Two new coumarins from the seeds of Solanum indicum, J. Asian. Nat. Prod. Res., 16 (2): 153-7
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