台灣山香圓
Turpinia formosana Nakai

別名：山香圓、山桂花、山香櫞、山圓仔、鋸葉杜英

形態：

常綠喬木，葉痕明顯。單葉，對生。葉柄兩端膨大，先端具關節。葉薄革質，長橢圓形，葉表墨綠色，背面綠色，兩面光滑；先端銳尖或小突尖；基部鈍或楔；細鈍鋸齒緣；側脈羽狀，7-10 對。聚繖花序，排列成圓錐狀，頂生。苞片2 枚，三角形。花輻射對稱，短筒狀，白色。花萼 5 枚，2 小3 大，卵狀三角形至橢圓形。花瓣 5 枚，倒長卵形。雄蕊 5 枚；花絲扁條形；花藥 2 室，縱裂。子房卵球形；花柱白色；柱頭3 叉，點狀；胚珠卵球形。漿果，圓球形，熟時橘色。種子扁圓球形，淺褐色，光滑。

典籍記載之相關效用：

台灣山香圓的根，味苦性寒，有活血散瘀、消腫止痛之效，主治跌打損傷、脾臟腫大等。《台灣藥用植物資源名錄298》

藥理研究：

抗關節炎作用 [1]：動物實驗證實台灣山香圓總黃酮顯著抑制大鼠佐劑性關節炎的腫脹、多關節炎、踝關節炎等反應與病理變化。DNA 的斷鏈作用 [2]：台灣山香圓葉部的 turpiniside、vincosamide、(3R)-pumiloside、paratunamide C 等生物鹼具有超螺旋 DNA 的解鏈活性。癌細胞凋亡、抗氧化作用 [3★]：發現台灣山香圓莖部成分 Turformosin A, (-)-(7'S,8'S)-threo-carolignan X, methoxyhydroquinone- 4-b-D-glucopyranoside, methoxy-hydroquinone-1-b-D-glucopyranoside 具顯著抗氧化活性。(-)-(7'S,8'S)-threo-carolignan X 也對 Hep2、WiDr、Daoy、MCF-7 等癌細胞株有細胞毒性及誘導 Hep2 肝癌細胞凋亡。抗發炎作用 [4]：台灣山香圓葉部的黃酮苷對脂多醣激活 RAW264.7 巨噬細胞的炎性反應具有抑制活性。

化學成分研究：

台灣山香圓的葉部有 turpiniside, 11-methoxyjavaniside, vincosamide, (3R)- pumiloside, paratunamide C 等生物鹼；以及 rhoifolin, apigenin-7-O-[2"-O-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl-6"-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-b-D-glucopyranoside, acacetin-7-O- [2"-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-6"-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-b-D-glucopyranoside, acacetin -7-O-[2"-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-6"-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-b-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-[2"-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-b-D-glucopyranoside, chrysoeiml-7-O-[2"-O- b-D-glucopyranosyl]-b-D-glucopyranoside, acacetin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6) -O-b-D-glucopyranoside (buddleoside), apigenin 6,8-di-C-b-D-glucopyranoside [2, 4]。★從台灣山香圓莖部分離到 turformosin A, turformosinic acid, (−)-(7′S,8′S)-threo- carolignan X, 2α,3β,19β-23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, methoxyhydro quinone-4-β-D-glucopyranoside, methoxyhydroquinone-1-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3,5- dimethoxy benzyl alcohol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 4-(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2,6-di methoxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, D-threo-guaiacylglycerol-O-β-D-glucopyrano side, (7S,8R)-syringoylglycerol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 6-O-(p-hydroxy benzoyl)- D-glucose, D-glucose-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate), dihydrophaseic acid 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3'-O-methyl ellagic acid 4-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, 3'-O-methyl ellagic acid 4-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, uridine, adenosine and β-sitosteryl glucoside 等 18 個化合物 [3★]。

參考文獻：

  1. Zhang, L., Li, J., Yu, S. C., Jin, Y., Lv, X. W., Zou, Y. H. and Li, Y. (2008) Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of total flavonoids of Turpinia arguta Seen on adjuvant arthritis in rats, J. Ethnopharmacol., 116 (1): 167-72
  2. Wu, M., Wu, P., Xie, H., Wu, G. and Wei, X. (2011) Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids mediating DNA strand scission from Turpinia argute (Lindl.) Seem, Planta Med., 77 (3): 284-6
  3. ★Huang, H. C., Chiou, C. T., Hsiao, P. C., Liaw, C. C., Zhang, L. J., Chang, C. L., Chen, I. S., Chen, W. C., Lee, K. H. and Kuo, Y. H. (2012) Cytotoxic phenylpropanoids and a new triterpene, turformosinic acid, from Turpinia formosana Nakai, Molecules, 17 (2): 1837-51
  4. Ma, S. G., Yuan, S. P., Hou, Q., Li, Y., Chen, X. and Yu, S. S. (2013) Flavonoid glycosides from leaves of Turpinia arguta and their anti-inflammatory activity, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 38 (11): 1747-50
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